This rule is part of MISRA C++:2023.
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Rule 13.1.2 - An accessible base class shall not be both virtual and non-virtual in the same hierarchy
Category: Required
Analysis: Decidable,Single Translation Unit
Rationale
Where a base class is inherited both virtually and non-virtually, it is unclear if the intent is for there to be one or more instances of the base
class subobject.
Example
class A {};
class B1: public virtual A {};
class B2: public virtual A {};
class B3: public A {};
class C: public B1, B2, B3 {}; // Non-compliant - C has two A subobjects
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